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X Window System user's guide X Window System user's guide : for X11 R3 and R4 of the X Window System ( c1990 ), by Valerie Quercia and Tim O'Reilly. Published 1990. The X Window System, called X for short, is a network-based graphics window system that was developed at MIT ( Massachusetts Institute of Technology ) in 1984. Unlike most earlier display protocols, X was specifically designed to be used over network connections rather than on an integral or attached display device. X features network transparency: the machine where an application program ( the client application ) runs can differ from the user's local machine ( the display server ). The server distributes user input to and accepts output requests from various client programs through a variety of different interprocess communication channels. Although the most common case is for the client programs to be running on the same machine as the server, clients can be run transparently from other machines ( including machines with different architectures and operating systems ) as well. Several versions of X have been developed, the most recent of which is X Version 11 ( X11 ), first released in 1987. X is typically run on a workstation with a large screen ( although it also runs on PCs and special X terminals, as well as on many larger systems ). X allows you to work with multiple programs simultaneously, each in a separate window. For example, you could be editing a text file in one window, compiling a program source file in a second window, reading your mail in a third, all the while displaying the system load average in a fourth window. X 11 has been adopted as an industry-standard windowing system. X was supported by a consortium of industry leaders such as DEC, Hewlett-Packard, Sun, IBM, and AT&T that have united to direct, contribute to, and fund its continuing development. X Consortium, Inc. closed its doors on December 31, 1996. All rights to the X Window System have been assigned to the Open Software Foundation. The number of programs that use X is quite large. Programs provided in the core X Consortium distribution include: a terminal emulator, xterm; a window manager, twm; a display manager, xdm; a console redirect program, xconsole; a mail interface, xmh; a bitmap editor, bitmap; resource listing/manipulation tools, appres, editres; access control programs, xauth, xhost, and iceauth; user preference setting programs, xrdb, xcmsdb, xset, xsetroot, xstdcmap, and xmodmap; clocks, xclock and oclock; a font displayer, xfd; utilities for listing information about fonts, windows, and displays, xlsfonts, xwininfo, xlsclients, xdpyinfo, xlsatoms, and xprop; screen image manipulation utilities, xwd, xwud, and xmag; a performance measurement utility, x11perf; a font compiler, bdftopcf; a font server and related utilities, xfs, fsinfo, fslsfonts, fstobdf; a display server and related utilities, Xserver, rgb, mkfontdir; remote execution utilities, rstart and xon; a clipboard manager, xclipboard; keyboard description compiler and related utilities, xkbcomp, xkbprint, xkbbell, xkbevd, xkbvleds, and xkbwatch; a utility to terminate clients, xkill; an optimized X protocol proxy, lbxproxy; a firewall security proxy, xfwp; a proxy manager to control them, proxymngr; a utility to find proxies, xfindproxy; Netscape Navigator Plug-ins, libxrx.so and libxrxnest.so; an RX MIME-type helper program, xrx; and a utility to cause part or all of the screen to be redrawn, xrefresh. XFree86, the freely redistributable open-source implementation of the X Window System, runs primarily on UNIX® and UNIX-like operating systems like Linux, all of the BSD variants, Sun Solaris both native 32 and 64 bit support, Solaris x86, Mac OS X ( via Darwin ) as well as other platforms like OS/2 and Cygwin ( Windows ). This manual is a bit older, dating from the X11R3, R4, or R5 eras, and applying to the commercial Unix versions of the time, but may still has some useful information in. O'Reilly & Associates.
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